Classic Camera Review: Zenit TLR

In this classic camera review, we'll be continuing the Soviet theme by taking a look at the Zenit TTL. This 35mm SLR was first introduced in 1977, produced in the USSR, and also imported and sold in the UK.

We'll explore the history of the Zenit, its strengths and weaknesses, and provide you with all the information you'll need to decide if this Soviet-made camera is right for you.

A Brief History

Zenit cameras have their origins in the early 1950s. The first model was based on the Zorki rangefinder, which itself was a copy of the Leica II. The manufacturing of Zenit cameras primarily took place in the town of Krasnogorsk near Moscow beginning in 1952. Later, production also expanded to Belarus through the BelOMO factory from the 1970s onwards.

In the initial years of production, until the release of the Zenit-E in 1967, Zenit's development was closely aligned with that of the Zorki line. The Zenit cameras evolved alongside Zorki models, sharing technological advancements and design principles.

Between 1967 and 1969, KMZ, the manufacturer, established an automatic die-cast moulding line, enabling mass production of Zenit cameras. During this period, the cameras transitioned from using the M39 screw mount to the M42 mount, although some models continued to use both mounts concurrently.

The first line of semi-automatic Zenit cameras started with the Zenit 4, introduced in 1964, which featured a selenium light meter. During this era, camera controls commonly linked shutter speed and aperture, allowing users to easily switch between exposure combinations of equal Exposure Value (EV), simplifying the process for photographers.

In 1965, the Zenit-E was introduced, becoming one of the most popular models. It was produced in enormous quantities, with over 12 million units—including various subtypes—manufactured over the years. The Zenit-E helped establish Zenit's reputation as a reliable and affordable camera brand during the Soviet era.

In 1977, Zenit introduced the Zenit-TTL, which was the first model equipped with through-the-lens (TTL) metering, enhancing exposure accuracy and ease of use.

Throughout its history, Zenit continued to release updated models featuring newer technologies, although the overall form factor changed very little. Some of these updates included automatic exposure modes and different lens mounts, allowing the brand to maintain its presence in the market until production ceased in 2005.

Aesthetics and Build Quality

If I had to describe Zenit cameras with a single phrase, it would be "brick-like." The Soviet Union's communist principles are very much reflected in their design philosophy and manufacturing approach; the Zenit TTL features a simple, utilitarian design that contributed to their efficient and affordable mass production.

This isn't necessarily a bad thing; the camera feels solid and dependable, with a fully metal construction. The surprisingly smooth film advance lever clicks satisfyingly as it turns, and the shutter button, along with the loud mirror slap, embodies the camera's emphasis on simplicity over luxury.

The Zenit TTL's simple construction means there is less that can go wrong with the camera. Zenit cameras have always been the cheapest of the cheap, and due to high production quotas, there's a wide variation in build quality. I've never had any issues with them, but in my experience, their light meters tend to be non-functional more often than not.

Any tested and working examples have already survived nearly 50 years, and with the right care, they should continue to function well. Most non-working examples are due to neglect, such as sitting in a damp loft or being unused for long periods.

Unfortunately, the low value of Zenit cameras generally makes it uneconomical to pay for professional repairs. Finding a replacement shouldn’t be too difficult if something does go wrong. Most cameras of this age could probably benefit from a CLA (cleaning, lubrication, and adjustment), which can be easily performed at home.

Layout and Controls

The control layout for the Zenit TTL is very standard. It features an ISO selector around the rewind dial and a shutter speed dial with speeds ranging from 1/30th to 1/500th of a second, as well as a bulb mode. The frame counter is quite rudimentary and needs to be manually reset to zero each time you start a new roll of film. The only other items on the top plate are the shutter lock, the hot shoe, and the film advance lever.

The battery is stored on the back of the camera, next to the viewfinder. When looking through the viewfinder with the shutter button half-pressed, the needle will indicate whether the image is overexposed or underexposed.

The back is released by lifting a tab on the left side.

On the front, you'll find a timer, which I would be cautious about using, as these are typically among the first components to fail on cameras of this age. Additionally, there is a flash sync socket.

At the bottom of the camera, you'll find a threaded mount for attaching a tripod or other accessories.

Lens Selection

The Zenit TTL was sold with the 6-element 2.0/58mm "Helios" lens, which is based on the pre-war Zeiss Biotar that dates back to the 1930s. Helios lenses are well known for their swirly bokeh and have been used in big-budget movies such as Dune: Part Two and The Batman. Due to this, these "kit lenses" are now worth much more than the cameras they were originally sold with.

The Zenit TTL features an M42 mount, which means there is an abundance of quality lenses to choose from, with options for every budget and preference. From the sharp lenses of Zeiss and Takumar to the affordable and charming "communist glass", options are plentiful across all price points.

Price

Due to the high demand for their included lenses, you can find plenty of Zenit bodies for £5 to £10, as people often buy them for the lens and then sell the body cheaply online or at flea markets. With a Helios lens, I still wouldn't advise spending more than £30 on a working example. There are so many of these cameras available online that you can easily find a bargain by bidding in auctions on eBay, which typically tend to end at lower prices than the Buy It Now options.

When shopping online, ensure you purchase only from highly rated sellers or consider buying from a reputable used camera shop that offers a warranty.

You can't go wrong with a working £5 camera, but if you're willing to stretch your budget a little further, Japanese or German M42 mount SLRs will be more reliable and ergonomic. Possible options include a Practica MTL 5b if you want to stay around the £10 mark, or a Pentax Spotmatic if you're looking for something much nicer that will last a lifetime, for around £50.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Zenit TTL offers a no-frills approach to film photography. Its vintage utilitarian aesthetic, simple controls, and compatibility with a wide range of sharp lenses make it a suitable choice for enthusiasts seeking a hands-on experience while on a budget. Overall, the TTL provides a characterful camera with an interesting history, making it a worthwhile addition to any film photographer’s collection.